Ngonyaka ozayo 2024-2025 kuyimpoqo ukusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-FP okugqugquzelwe uhulumeni waseSpain. Kunamaphuzu amaningi ngaphandle kokuqina okuholela ekungaqinisekini nasekukhathazekeni. Ake sikhulume kancane ngamaphuzu ayinhloko esikhathazayo, banjani:
– Ukwehliswa kwamahora okuqeqesha avamile kanye nokwehla okujwayelekile kwekhwalithi yokuqeqeshwa.
– Ukwengezwa kwamahora okuzijwayeza ukugcina ubude besikhathi 2 iminyaka yenziwe ngezindleko zokuqeqeshwa njalo
– Ukuba ntekenteke komsebenzi wabafundi ezinkampanini, nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi i-internship izofakwa ekuvikelekeni komphakathi.
– Ukwenziwa kwangasese kokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe njengoba ingxenye enhle yokuqeqeshwa iphathiswe izinkampani ezizimele.
Ukuncishiswa kwamahora okuqeqesha
Ukwehliswa kwamahora okufundisa kulesi sikhungo kusho ukwehla kwezinga lokuqeqeshwa komfundi, kakade ngokuntula ngokwanele kolwazi. Kwenza kube mfishane isikhathi sakho sokulungiselela ngokuqhubekayo ngokumelene nalokho okuzoba ikusasa lakho elide lokuphila nokuphila komuntu siqu.
Okuqukethwe kunyamalala ngokuphelele, ngaphambili obekukhombisa ubuncane obekumele kufundiswe kuyo yonke indawo futhi bekuyisiqinisekiso sokukwazi ukugunyaza izifundo nokuqinisekisa ukuqeqeshwa okulinganayo. Manje yi-RA=Imiphumela yokufunda kuphela ehlolwayo. Kunegebe kokuqukethwe okuthile komsebenzi ngamunye, okusho ukuthi abafundi bafika enkampanini benolwazi oluncane oluyisisekelo ukuze bathuthukise umsebenzi wabo., futhi kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuthi athuthukise inqubekelaphambili yakhe emhlabeni wemisebenzi emkhakheni wakhe. Lokhu kudala ukuthi abantu bantengantenge futhi bathembele ezinkampanini zabo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Wonke amamojula alahlekelwa amahora okuqeqeshwa okuqondene nephrofayili yobungcweti esikhungweni, ukuze kuzuze amanye amamojula athathwe njengabaluleke kakhulu futhi akha kuya ku 60% amahora emijikelezo:
– Ingxenye yawo iya kukhuluphalisa i-DUAL, okugcina kwakheka phakathi kokukodwa 25 futhi eyodwa 50% wesamba samahora omjikelezo.
– Enye ingxenye iya kumamojula avundlanayo atholakala kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokuqeqeshwa yawo womabili amadigri aphakathi naphezulu. Ukukhumbula ukuthi amahora okufundisa manye 25 sinamahora amasonto onke:
– isiNgisi sobuchwepheshe (2 h) 66 h. ECatalonia kwase kwenziwa ezingeni eliphakathi, manje seludlulela ezingeni eliphezulu.
– ukwenza idijithali (1 h) 33 h. Ngaphandle kokubandlulula ukuthi umjikelezo uyawudinga noma cha, ungaba kanjani icala lesayensi yekhompyutha, idijithali ngokugcwele.
– ukusimama (1h) 33h. Izinto zokwakha zemojula zigunyazwe yinkampani ezimele iNaturgy, okungeyesibili noma yesithathu yazo 10 izinkampani ezingcolisa kakhulu eSpain. https://www.huffingtonpost.es/economia/estas-son-empresas-mas-contaminantes-espana.html
– Amamojula ozikhethela (2 eya 3h) 66-99 h. Bangaba namaYunithi oMsebenzi wangaphandle. Leyo, Imiphumela yokufunda yeminye imijikelezo yokuqeqeshwa.
Njengamazwana, igama lamamojula athile afana ne-FOL liyashintshwa (Ukuqeqeshwa nokuqondiswa komsebenzi), UKWAZI (I-Company and Entrepreneurial Initiative) i Synthesis (Iphrojekthi yomjikelezo wokugcina):
– “Uhambo lomuntu siqu lokuqashwa I” (3 h) 99 h
– “Uhambo lomuntu siqu lokuqashwa II” (2 h) 66 h
– “Iphrojekthi ye-Intermodular ye 198 amahora”
Omunye umphumela kuzoba ukwehla kwabasebenzi bothisha esikhathini esifushane, isikhathi esimaphakathi neside. E-Catalonia kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ngeke kuthinte izifanekiso, okungenani unyaka wokuqala, njengoba ihloselwe ukumiselela okulingana namahora okufunda asusiwe, ukuze uthole izikhundla zokubuka, njengesivakashi esivamile ezinkampanini namaphrojekthi ezentengiselwano. Lokhu kuchaza umsebenzi wokufundisa ongowakhe, ukuyibuyisela futhi mhlawumbe ukuyiqeda.
Asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi amahora okufundisa angagcinwa esikhathini esizayo futhi kusobala lapho ukusikeka okuzayo kungenziwa khona. Kubukeka kuyindlela engenaphutha yokuxazulula ukushoda kothisha obekwenzeka emijikelezweni ye-FP eminyakeni yakamuva..
Ukwandiswa kwamahora wokuzijwayeza
Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, ingxenye enkulu yamahora okuqeqesha alahlekile aya kokuthi DUAL:
– I-DUAL igama elisha elinikezwe uhulumeni waseSpain ku ngaphambi kokuthi babe ngama-internship angakhokhelwa noma FCT=Ukuqeqeshwa kwesikhungo somsebenzi.
– Ujenene okabili (IMPENDULO IKHONZA): le 25% a 35% zamahora (ka 500 a 700 h). UCatalonia unguFaro 515 h.
– okukabili okujulile (IKHOKHWE okungenani): le 35% al 50% (ka 700 a 1000 amahora omjikelezo), ngenkontileka DUAL. ECatalonia 713 h (iphrojekthi ekabili jikelele+i-intermodular).
Ukwanda kwamahora okufundela ezinkampanini kubangela izinkinga ekutholeni izindawo ezengeziwe lapho ungenza khona i-DUAL ngeziqinisekiso.
– Futhi ekwazini ukufeza ukuzuzwa kwalokhu ngaphakathi kweminqamulajuqu ebekiwe.
– Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithanda ukwanda kwemisebenzi yokuphatha kanye neyokuphatha futhi yenza kube nzima kothisha ukuyilawula..
Ngokolunye uhlangothi, iningi lezinkampani ezibamba iqhaza kumodeli omusha, ngeke bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukufundisa okwanele nokuthi ukufunda okuzuziwe akukhethi, ethize, futhi ihloselwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziphuthumayo zenkampani ngayinye. Asikholelwa ukuthi abafundi bafunda okufanayo enkampanini njengasesikoleni i, ngakho-ke, amanye amahora awakwazi ukushintshwa amanye.
Uphoqelekile ukuthi uqale i-DUAL ebhizinisini ngonyaka wokuqala ngawo:
– Kuyashoda ukuqeqeshwa komfundi ukuze aqale i-internship.
– Kusungulwa ukuncintisana okuqinile phakathi kwabafundi be-FP Inicial, ebangeni eliphakathi nebanga eliphezulu. Abafundi bezinga eliphansi, ikakhulukazi i-FP Yokuqala, bazoba nesikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokwenza imikhuba uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abasemazingeni aphezulu.
Emadolobheni amaningi azikho izinkampani ezingabamba amahora amaningi kangaka wokuzilolonga.
– Ekupheleni, ukwakhiwa kwezixazululo eziyisimangaliso kungabonakala kuza, njengokumisa amaphrojekthi ngokuphazima kweso nabafundi abangakwazi ukubekwa.
– Kuzoba nabafundi abaningi abangeke bakwazi ukuqeda umjikelezo phakathi 2 iminyaka, ubude besikhathi abavumelene ukusigcina.
ukuhlola “okuhlangene” Isikhungo kanye Nenkampani
Ngoba i-Learning Outcomes engenziwa esikhungweni kumele yenziwe futhi ihlolwe yinkampani, kuyodingeka ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe ezinkampanini ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ukuqeqeshwa, ukuqapha nokuhlolwa kwabafundi, okuyizinto zabo, abafundi.
Ngakho i “abafundisi” yenkampani kumele ihlole ama-RA “dlulisiwe” i:
– Inkampani izofaka eyodwa kumojula ngayinye 10% kwenothi.
– Abafundi kungenzeka bangathuthukisi wonke ama-RA njengoba bencike enkampanini ethile abenza kuyo umsebenzi wabo wokufunda.
Azikho iziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho njengoba kungebona abagadi benkampani noma izinkampani, abanalo nhlobo uhlobo:
– isidingo sokuqeqeshwa njengothisha okufanele babe ngonjiniyela.
– ukulawulwa ngabaphathi njengothisha abanokuhlolwa kokufundisa.
– unswinyo uma kwenzeka ukungathobeli okufana nothisha abangase bathole unswinyo noma amafayela.
Umphumela wukuthi kuze kube inkampani isibeke isilinganiso sayo, umfundi akaphumelelanga imojuli ehambisanayo. Leyo, ukuthi kuze kuphele ukuhlala enkampanini, ngeke ibe nebanga lemojuli. ngakho-ke:
– Akwaziwa ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngale mifundaze, njengoba zincike emabangeni onyaka odlule.
– Abafundisi bebhizinisi ngokuvamile bahlola ngezinkomba, ayikho inqubo ethile noma umgomo.
Ukwenziwa kwangasese kwe-FP
Sekuqalile ukutholakala umkhuba wokuthi izikole eziqashiwe zikhokhele umfundi ngamunye ezimthathayo uma ezoqeqeshelwa umsebenzi. Ngale ndlela, imali yomphakathi izophinda ixhase izinkampani ezizimele ukuze zigcine inkohliso yokusebenzisana kwazo.
Icala elibi kakhulu ukuthi izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinikeza imijikelezo yokuqeqeshwa kwe-FP ngasese noma ngekhonsathi nezinqubo ezenzeka ezikhungweni zazo.. Ngale ndlela, vele bakhetha abasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa futhi bahlukanise abafundi abangenayo.
imiphumela
Imiphumela eyinhloko yalezi zinqubomgomo:
– Liyehla izinga lokuqeqeshwa kumuntu, kakade ngokuntula ngokwanele kolwazi. Isikhathi sabo sokulungiselela siya ngokuba sifushane futhi siba mfishane uma siqhathaniswa nalokho okuzoba yikusasa labo ende lokuphila nokuphila komuntu siqu.
– Izifundo zobungcweti azinalutho okuqukethwe okuqondene nomsebenzi ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu bafika enkampanini benolwazi oluncane oluyisisekelo ukuze bathuthukise umsebenzi wabo, futhi uthuthukise iziqu zakho kanye namathuba okuthuthuka emkhakheni wakho.
– Izinkampani ezibambe iqhaza, ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukufundisa okwanele nokuthi ukufunda okuzuziwe akukhethi, ethize, futhi ihloselwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenkampani ngayinye.
– Azikho izilawuli noma izinhlawulo zezinkampani ezingathobeli izivumelwano EZIMBILI. Ukuqeqeshwa kusezandleni zabafundisi benkampani abangadingi ubuncane bekhwalithi nokuqeqeshwa kwangaphambilini sengathi kwenziwa ngothisha be-FP.. Abalimele ngabantu abaqeqeshwayo.
– Azikho izimo ezimbalwa lapho izinkampani ziqinisekisa khona njengokulingana nokuqeqeshwa kwekhwalithi okwenziwa ngaphambilini ochwepheshe bokufundisa imisebenzi ejwayelekile "efana nokushanela noma ukwenza amakhophi.. Akuwona wonke amacala kodwa iningi, futhi ngakho konke ukungajezisi.
– Abantu abakwenzayo baba umsebenzi okhululekile noma oyingozi, njengoba ingekho inkokhelo ku-DUAL. Futhi abantu abakwi-DUAL enamandla baba yizisebenzi ezishibhile, kodwa befuna sengathi abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Umholo awufinyeleli kancane 300 ngenyanga €.
– Futhi ukuqeda, kukhona i-de facto privatization ku-VET nezinkampani ezihlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nama-internship ukuze zithole abasebenzi abathobekile abanamakhono amancane adingekayo ukuze bacacise..
SIYAMISA IZIGABA ZOKUPHAKATHI KWEZINYUNYANA EZIKHUNGONI ZOKUFUNDA:
E-Vallès Oriental, abasebenzi emkhakheni wezemfundo oxhumene ne-CGT inyunyana yabasebenzi bakhuthaza inhlangano ezingxenyeni zezinyunyana zesikhungo somsebenzi..
Izigaba zezinyunyana ziyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuhlela abasebenzi futhi azindile ezikoleni ngokungafani nanoma iyiphi enye inkampani, lapho beyinhlangano evamile.
Izigaba zezinyunyana zinika amandla inhlangano kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwangempela nokuzimele kwabasebenzi besikhungo ngasinye somsebenzi ukuthi benze okuthile., ukuxoxisana nokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza, yokuphepha ethile kanye nenhlanzeko yesikhungo somsebenzi. Isibonelo singaba izinkinga zokushisisa kanye ne-air conditioning yesikhungo ikakhulukazi, okwaziwayo ukuthi ngeke zixazululwe ematafuleni ezingxoxo ngaphandle kweqiniso lesikhungo.
Umthethosisekelo wesigaba sezinyunyana awunzima futhi udinga ukubamba iqhaza okungenani kwabantu ababili abangamalungu. Amadokhumenti alethwa eMnyangweni Wezabasebenzi futhi adluliselwe ngokusemthethweni esikhungweni somsebenzi uma efunwa. Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, kukhona ukwesekwa yinyunyana futhi kuyenzeka kubizwe iziteleka zasendaweni emsebenzini.
Uma isigaba sesisunguliwe, iqiniso nje lokuba khona kwaso lenza abaphathi bezikhungo zemfundo bacabangele izinqumo zabo ezithinta abasebenzi besikhungo. Izingxoxo zingaqalwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi saziwa njengabaxoxisi abasemthethweni nokuthi siyaziswa ngezinqumo ezithathwayo futhi zibe nomthelela ezimeni zokusebenza zabasebenzi..
okokugcina, ukuphawula ukuthi ozakwethu abavela kwezinye izikhungo eVallès Oriental, njengeCarles Vallbona Institute eGranollers noma i-ISMD e-Mollet del Vallès nabo bamise izigaba zezinyunyana zabasebenzi ukuzama ukwenza leli lungelo lifane kuzo zonke izikhungo..
